What concern primarily motivated the replacement of the Articles of Confederation with the U.S. Constitution?

The primary concern that motivated the replacement of the Articles of Confederation with the U.S. Constitution was the need for a strong federal government to respond to social unrest during a period of economic crisis. After the American Revolution, the newly formed states faced significant economic challenges, including debt and inflation, which led to widespread unrest, exemplified by events like Shays' Rebellion. This uprising highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, where the federal government lacked the authority to maintain order or effectively manage economic issues, such as trade regulation and tax collection.

The framers of the Constitution aimed to create a government that could maintain stability and order, address economic challenges, and ensure the security of the nation. This included giving Congress greater powers to levy taxes, regulate commerce, and maintain a standing army, which were essential for responding to threats and managing internal conflicts.

While issues like slavery, conflicts with Native American tribes, and foreign threats were significant concerns during this period, the immediate crisis of economic instability and social unrest was a driving force behind the decision to draft a new Constitution that would establish a stronger federal framework.