What economic change is directly associated with the outcomes of the Industrial Revolution?

The correct choice reflects a fundamental transformation brought about by the Industrial Revolution, characterized by significant advances in manufacturing technologies and processes. This period marked a shift from agrarian economies based primarily on agriculture and manual labor to industrial economies dominated by machine-based manufacturing.

With the introduction of machines like the spinning jenny and the steam engine, production became faster, more efficient, and capable of producing larger quantities of goods. This growth in the manufacturing sector led to urbanization, as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of work in factories. The rise of factories not only boosted production capabilities but also catalyzed new economic structures, labor organization, and global trade patterns.

In contrast, the other options do not directly align with the primary outcomes of the Industrial Revolution. Increased agriculture subsidies do not encapsulate the essence of industrial change, as the revolution primarily impacted manufacturing rather than directly modifying agricultural policies. While population growth rates did change—generally rising during this period due to better living conditions—this is an indirect consequence rather than a change directly tied to manufacturing growth. Similarly, investment in traditional crafts diminished during the Industrial Revolution, as mass production began to overshadow artisanal methods.