Which ancient civilization is known for its contributions to democracy?

Ancient Greece is widely recognized as the birthplace of democracy, specifically in the city-state of Athens during the 5th century BCE. This civilization introduced the concept of democratic governance where citizens could participate directly in decision-making processes rather than relying on a monarch or ruling elite. Greek democracy was characterized by its assemblies, where free male citizens had the right to speak, propose laws, and vote on issues that affected their community.

The significance of Ancient Greece in the evolution of democratic ideals is profound, as it established foundational principles such as civic participation, equality before the law, and the idea that government should reflect the will of the people. This contrast can be seen when considering other ancient civilizations: while Ancient Rome also contributed to the development of representative governance and had a Senate, it did not practice democracy in the same direct manner as Athens. Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, on the other hand, were primarily ruled through autocratic systems, with pharaohs or kings wielding the ultimate power, thus lacking the democratic structures found in Ancient Greece.